What Is Absolute Zero in Science

Absolute zero is defined as the point where no more heat can be removed from a system, according to the absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds to zero Kelvin, or minus 273.15 C. This is zero on the Rankine scale and minus 459.67 F. The classic kinetic theory posits that absolute zero represents the absence of movement of individual molecules. However, experimental evidence  shows this isnt the case: Rather, it indicates that particles at absolute zero have minimal vibrational motion. In other words, while heat may not be removed from a system at absolute zero, absolute zero does not represent the lowest possible enthalpy state. In quantum mechanics, absolute zero represents the lowest internal energy of solid matter in its ground state. Absolute Zero and Temperature Temperature is used to describe how hot or cold an object is. The temperature of an object depends on the speed at which its atoms and molecules oscillate. Though absolute zero represents oscillations at their slowest speed, their motion never completely stops. Is It Possible to Reach Absolute Zero Its not possible, thus far, to reach absolute zero—though scientists have approached it. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) achieved a record cold temperature of 700 nK (billionths of a kelvin) in 1994. Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers set a new record of 0.45 nK in 2003. Negative Temperatures Physicists have shown that it is possible to have a negative Kelvin (or Rankine) temperature. However, this doesnt mean particles are colder than absolute zero; rather, it is an indication that energy has decreased. This is because temperature is a thermodynamic quantity relating energy and entropy. As a system approaches its maximum energy, its energy starts to decrease. This only occurs under special circumstances, as in quasi-equilibrium states in which spin is not in equilibrium with an electromagnetic field. But such activity can lead to a negative temperature, even though energy is added. Strangely, a system at a negative temperature may be considered hotter than one at a positive temperature. This is because heat is defined according to the direction in which it flows. Normally, in a positive-temperature world, heat flows from a warmer place such a hot stove to a cooler place such as a room. Heat would flow from a negative system to a positive system. On January 3, 2013, scientists formed a quantum gas consisting of potassium atoms that had a negative temperature in terms of motion degrees of freedom. Before this, in 2011, Wolfgang Ketterle, Patrick Medley, and their team demonstrated the possibility of negative absolute temperature in a magnetic system. New research into negative temperatures reveals additional mysterious behavior. For example, Achim Rosch, a theoretical physicist at the University of Cologne, in Germany, has calculated that atoms at a negative absolute temperature in a gravitational field might move up and not just down. Subzero gas may mimic dark energy, which forces the universe to expand faster and faster against the inward gravitational pull. Sources Merali, Zeeya. â€Å"Quantum Gas Goes Below Absolute Zero.†Ã‚  Nature, Mar. 2013. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.12146. ï » ¿Medley, Patrick,  et al. Spin Gradient Demagnetization Cooling of Ultracold Atoms.  Physical Review Letters, vol. 106, no. 19, May 2011. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.195301.

Slavery And The United States - 872 Words

After the American Revolution, slavery and discussion on whether it should be implemented or illegal dominated the development of the United States. These different views on slavery were the main reason for the Civil War and there is no argument about it. Without slavery, it would not have happened only because there was continuous bickering back and forth. Slavery is a major issue and faced the states, both the North and South wanted to do what they could to either protect or protest what they believed in. The slave state on the eve of the Civil War was Virginia. Not only did the first slaves arrive in Virginia, but the majority of slaves were still residing in Virginia. Americans would earn their profit by forcing the slaves to produce cotton, due to the demand. The amount of work that slaves would do was indescribable. Many Southern Americans did not want to believe that slaves were people, but instead property and did not treat them with any kindness whatsoever. They did not thin k that African Americans were capable of being independent, they were classified as what we would describe some individuals to be so called â€Å"low†. Some may question, how can a human be told their worth when they have not done a thing wrong? It occurred more than it should have been allowed and the thought of it is completely terrible. Although the South was harsh on their slaves and ignorant, the North did not give slaves freedom but they were definitely not near as strict. They still supportedShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Unites States during the 1850s was a harsh time for African Americans, not only were they treated extremely harsh; but many of them were slaves as well. Slavery was the topic of every discussion during this time period and the United States was literally split on the issue of slavery. A lot of the Southern States wanted to continue slavery because it was a way of life. Many of the southerners depend on slave ry to help grow and harvest crops that were on acres and acres of land. Northerns, onRead MoreSlavery And The United States848 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States. During these years, many different topics were up for dispute and compromises were being negotiated. Unfortunately, it was hard for all of the citizens to come to a complete compromise for the disputes. Some states had similar opinions, while others were in a deadlock. One of the biggest disputes during this time were over slavery. While other disputes only involved a few states, slavery was a dispute that caused unrest between two distinctive regions in the United States: theRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is wh y they have slaves to work for free, and treated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.Read MoreThe Slavery Of The United States953 Words   |  4 PagesEvery country has a dark past, whether it’s about conquering land from Native Americans, or mass genocide of a single race. The United States was no different from the rest of the world, especially when slavery was involved. The South had its reasons on why to establish and justify the slavery system while the North rejected their beliefs. By focusing on the South’s argument, this will help to understand why they fought for their rights to keep slaves and understand how the African Americans wereRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1095 Words   |  5 Pagesattempted to cure their complete opposition on the regulation of slavery by using federal power to coerce an end to the feud, yet the movement increased tension between the divided nation. By invoking both legislative and judicial power, politicians used laws which included slave codes and freedom laws as well as court decisions like Dred Scott v Sandford (1875) to convince or force the population into acceptance of stances on slavery. Each party viewed their tactics and ideas to be righteous, andRead MoreSlavery And The United States1305 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery; An Issue Neglected to a Key Principle in the U.S. For 20 years slavery had existed in the United States of America despite its immorality and the objections of many citizens. Strides were made to correct this injustice around the time of the Revolutionary war; colonists started to demand their natural human rights from Britain. In 1766, our founding fathers were the first faced with a decision to abolish slavery; they felt the pressure from facing the purpose of their campaign due to theRead MoreSlavery And The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, slavery held a prominent factor in United States history. Slavery shaped and formed what society was in the United States. Slavery’s influence impacted the United States in various ways. The ways that slavery impacted United States history are the United States economy, society and politics. Some historians argue slavery is not an important factor in United States history. However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political movements and t he Underground RailroadRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States976 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery has played a very integral part in the development of the United States so far. It has taught people the importance of racial equality and moral discipline, which was lacked back in the time when slavery existed. Moreover, slaves were used mostly by farmers and business owners who wanted to maximize their profits and wanted cheap sources of labor. Slaves were first imported into the United States back in 1502 by a merchant named; Juan de Cà ³rdoba. The South was very interested in bringingRead MoreSlavery And The United States1673 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, when slavery existed, blacks were undermined and denied many freedoms entitled to them under the Constitution. There were many topics argued about, but slavery caused the most dispute within the country. In the 1850’s, the pro-slavery South and the anti-slavery North collided when the case of Dred Scott, a black slave who attempted to gain liberation, was brought to court. The North and South had vastly different views on the subject of slavery, Scott had resided in the free state of IllinoisRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1670 Words   |  7 Pageswedge between the nation. As the United States progressed into different industries, slavery benefited only one side of the country – the south. The north began outlawing slavery, deeming it as immoral and unconstitutional while the south needed and depended on slavery to maintain their economy. The opposing sides on the slave system lead to arguments between the North and the South as to decide what new territories would allow slavery, then leading on to outlawing slavery all together. Tensions increased

Life Span Development

Question: Discuss about the Life Span Development. Answer: Introduction: There are few films that accurately portray Alzheimers disease and I believe Away From Her is one of them that has depicted the ravage of Fiona appropriately as a patient of Alzheimers Disease. The film effectively focused on the victim of Alzheimers disease, Fiona, and the neglected victim of the disease, Grant, her husband. The film revealed the effects of Alzheimers disease where the life of this loving couple was changed forever because of the disease. In accordance with the thesis of Erik Erikson integrity versus despair, Fiona was detached from the concerns of her life due to her disease that has been well portrayed in the film (Vaughan Rodriguez, 2013). I think the film positioned the nurse Kristy as a paramount character who has been entrusted with the responsibility of conveying a homelike and welcoming atmosphere for Grant to provide him with some support and advice at his time of despair. She was the one for which the rigid and sterile environment of the nursing home was presented as homely for Grant as he finds some relief while conversing with her about Fiona. As a nurse, I would have primarily focused on the aspect of communication with Fiona as Alzheimers disease affects the communication ability of a person as they become forgetful. Meadowlake Nursing Home is a long-term care facility in the film which I think has been well suited to the mental condition of the patients residing there, suffering from Alzheimers disease. Long term cares and there atmospheres play a critical role in distorting or enhancing the recovery speeds of the residents and the film has diffused the generalization of the nursing home provided gestures for the generation of the notion of home (Casado-Gual, 2015). Supporting the concept of Erikson and his sense of mortality, the nursing home well supported the psychological condition of Grant as he lost his connection with his spouse (McAdams Zapata-Gietl, 2015). The policies of the nursing home as depicted in the movie were ideal for making it a home for its residents on their arrival. The Meadowlake Nursing Home had a no visitor policy for within the initial thirty days of the admission of the patients for allowing them to easily adjust to the new life. I agree with Madeleine and her explanation of the policy to Grant that the policy was implemented to make the patients of Alzheimers disease realize why they have been left there as they are forgetful and this makes them happy. I believe this policy gives a perfect supplement to the nursing home to describe it as a home and as Kristy said, the policy also makes it easier for the staff members to cope up with the patients. I believe that Fiona was not putting on a charade or acting out for punishing her husband as she was markedly confused in the film and her environment and her conversations were filled with platitudes. Although she was suffering from Alzheimers disease, she was absolutely composed and did not drop her modesty with periods of lucidity which confused her husband to believe her disorder as a charade. Eriksons theory well describes the condition of Fiona as he believed maintaining integrity in situations of Alzheimers disease adds up to the process of integrity (Sacco, 2013). The behavior of Fiona reflected this theory and I, being a nurse would have assisted her in maintaining her quality of life by fostering a safe environment. References Casado-Gual, N. (2015). Unexpected turns in lifelong sentimental journeys: redefining love, memory and old age through Alice Munro's The Bear Came Over the Mountainand its film adaptation, Away from Her.Ageing and Society,35(02), 389-404. McAdams, D. P., Zapata-Gietl, C. (2015). Three strands of identity development across the human life course: Reading Erik Erikson in full.The Oxford handbook of identity development, 81-94. Sacco, R. G. (2013). Re-Envisaging the Eight Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson: The Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM).Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology,3(1), 140. Vaughan, M. D., Rodriguez, E. M. (2013). The Influence of Erik Erikson on Positive Psychology Theory and Research. InPositive Psychology(pp. 231-245). Springer New York.

Lutheranism Essays - Christianity, Religion, Christian Theology

Lutheranism The Roman Catholic Church dominated religion for many years in Europe and became an extremely powerful institution. Over the years, the Roman church became corrupt and immoral in many ways. The development of the Protestant Reformation, Lutheranism, was greatly influenced by political events in the years proceeding the 16th century. The declared aim of the original reformer, Martin Luther, was to restore the Christian faith as it had been at its formation, while salvaging what he considered valuable from the Roman Catholic tradition that had developed during the previous centuries. Luther broke the unity of the Catholic Church forever by exposing their faults and misguided notions. Lutheranism spread quickly due to the availability of the Christian Faith, as well as the close relationship between religion and the state. Luther believed that the Christian Faith was being exploited. The leaders of the Roman church were abusing their monopoly over their Christian followers for their benefit. Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses in response to the sale of indulgences by the Pope. He wanted to make the people aware of how a true Christian should act and how the Pope was violating them: The treasures of indulgences are nets, whereby they now fish for the riches of men. (Luther, The Nine-Five Thesis, p.5) He felt that giving to the poor and needy would make them far better off than if they bought pardons. The Romanists had set up barriers so that no one could condemn their actions and power. They thought that the temporal power had no jurisdiction over the spiritual power. Secondly, the only person who could interpret the Scriptures was the Pope. Therefore, he decided what was right and what was wrong: the pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good (Luther, Address to the Christian Nobi lity of the German Nation, p.7). Lastly, the only person who could call a counsil was the Pope. This last point emphasizes that the Roman Catholic Empire created laws of their own that were dictated by one sole person. Luther set out to spread his idea of true Christianity. The main ideology of Lutheranism is that salvation can be gained by three fundamental precepts: by faith, by grace and by scripture alone. Luther felt that Salvation could not be achieved through good works such as prayer or holy living: Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works. (Luther, On Christian Liberty, p.9). Faith in God is created through the belief and love for Him; salvation would rise from it nonetheless. Luther felt that it was up to every individual to interpret the Scriptures and decide for himself what was good. This was a revolutionary concept, as previously it had been only the Pope who could interpret the Scriptures. Another concept of Lutheranism was that every believer could achieve priesthood. All men who had true faith had the opportunity to serve God and were equal in His eyes. Among Christians there shall and can be no authority; rather all are alike subject to one another. (Luther, Part Two. How Far Temporal Authority Extends, p.31). Bishops and priests in the Lutheran church were not authoritative figures but simply serving an office. In comparison to other sects that evolved from the Protestant Reformation, Lutheranism had a different view concerning the relationship between religion and the state. Luther felt that the two kingdoms, that of the world and that of God, were separate entities which both provided a service to God. All true Christians belonged to the kingdom of God, but these true Christians were few and far between. The kingdom of the world was responsible for establishing order and restraining the non-believers from doing evil. He felt there would be no need for temporal power if all humans were true Christians: If all the world were composed of real Christians, that is, true believers, there would be no need for or benefits from prince, king, lord, sword or law. (Luther, On Governmental Authority, p. 21) Luther interpreted the Scriptures, Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed to mean that man should be responsible for punishing the guilty as these laws were established