Concentration Camp Essays - Aftermath Of War, Prisoner Of War

Concentration Camp The article that this paper will be based and discussed upon is titled ?Berthe's prison diary,? written by Hanna Diamond. ?Berthe's prison diary? can be found in the August 1999 issue of History Today, volume 49, pages 43-49. During World War II, it was known that many people suffered. People suffered from the casualties of war, suffered because of their class, but especially because of their race. The group to suffer the most were the Jewish. Over 6 million were killed because of no crime but because of their race. ?Berthe's prison diary? is about a woman named Berthe A. and her experience in the French prisons for collaborators. Besides Berthe's personal experience in prison, through her diary, we also get accounts on how the other people were treated. France gets invaded on May 10, 1940 by the Nazis. On June 22, 1940, France signs treay of peace with the Nazis. Paris is liberated on August 25, 1944. The setting begins in the August of 1944 in Toulouse, France. It was a time of despair and confusion. France was in a chaos. People were hungry and were left in poor conditions. The Germans had finally left Toulouse after their defeat. Joy came at first to the French when the Liberation finally came, yet it soon turned to hatred and vengeance. There was hatred to those that had helped the Germans succeed and also for those that allied with the Germans. These people were labeled ?collaborators.' Even men and women that were seen with Germans were hated. They were tracked down and even arrested. Some were even attacked and worse, killed. Berthe A. was the director of laboratory research in the Faculty of Science at the University of Toulouse. On the twenty-second of August in 1944, at about three o'clock (according to Berthe), someone knocked on her door and soon enough Berthe was arrested. Of those that were arrested, many did not know why they were arrested or what was happening to them. It is only later that Berthe finds out that she was arrested because she was accused of being a collaborator because she had belonged to a group called ?Collaboration.' ?Collaboration' was a ?French group for continental unity' and was formed in the autumn of 1940. Berthe tells us through her diary that although she had paid subscription fees, she however, never attended any of the meetings or participated in any of the activities. Berthe as well as other suspected collaborators spent their first few months at the St Michel prison in the heart of Toulouse. In her cell, which held forty women, she realized what certain people she was placed with. The women, for the most part, were prostitutes from the brothels. These prostitutes were those that have served the Germans because the Germans had money and power. After the liberation, these women were especially targeted as victims. More often times, these women were taken to questioning and would return bruised and distressed. Some even had their heads saved and had swastikas painted on them. For the worst part, these women were marched around the streets naked where they returned morally and physically wounded. According to Berthe, although the prison authorities tried to make the women feel uncomfortable about where they were, many of the women supported each other. Even those of different class knew how to get along with each other. There was actually no sense of class. After about four weeks at St Michel, Berthe was transferred to the Camp of Noe (40km from Toulouse). Berthe then indicated that life was much more tolerable at the camp then at prison. For one thing, life was less severe and better organized. The environment was much more relaxed and more space was available. However, this environment this not last long. For there were soon more people getting arrested and the atmosphere became less comfortable. According to Berthe, most women were arrested because they carried out black market activities with the Germans or they had let the Germans take their room. Some even were believed to be the Germans' girlfriends. There were was also another group of women that was also arrested. And this was because they were involved with the group Malice. Others were arrested in place of their husbands or brothers that have escaped with the Germans. Most of the accusations, however, were almost impossible to prove. One of the biggest problems faced by authorities were what to charge people and what punishment was to

Pauses in Speech and Writing

Pauses in Speech and Writing In phonetics, a pause is a break in speaking; a moment of silence. Adjective: pausal. Pauses and Phonetics In phonetic analysis, a double vertical bar (||) is used to represent a distinct pause. In direct speech (in both fiction and nonfiction), a pause is conventionally indicated in writing by ellipsis points (. . .) or a dash (- ). Pauses in Fiction Gwen raised her head and spoke haltingly, fighting back tears. He told me Tuesday there was too much damage . . . She wiped her wet face with her fingers. But he wants to send her to a specialist in Memphis. (John Grisham, A Time to Kill. Wynwood Press, 1989)Anyone who is guilty of such practices . . ., he paused for effect, leaning forward and staring at the congregation, . . . anyone in town . . ., he turned and looked behind him, at the monks and nuns in the choir, . . . or even in the priory . . . He turned back. I say, anyone guilty of such practices should be shunned.He paused for effect.And may God have mercy on their souls. (Ken Follett, World Without End. Dutton, 2007) Pauses in Drama Mick: You still got that leak.Aston: Yes.Pause.Its coming from the roof.Mick: From the roof, eh?Aston: Yes.Pause.Ill have to tar it over.Mick: Youre going to tar it over?Aston: Yes.Mick: What?Aston: The cracks.Pause.Mick: Youll be tarring over the cracks on the roof.Aston: Yes.Pause.Mick: Think thatll do it?Aston: Itll do it, for the time being.Mick: Uh.Pause.  (Harold Pinter,  The Caretaker. Grove Press, 1961) The pause is a pause because of what has just happened in the minds and guts of the characters. They spring out of the text. Theyre not formal conveniences or stresses but part of the body of the action. (Harold Pinter in Conversations With Pinter by Mel Gussow. Nick Hern Books, 1994) Pauses in Public Speaking If you prefer to read your speech, make sure to pause frequently, take a breath, look up, and scan the audience. . . .Besides allowing you to fill your lungs with air, pausing also allows the audience to absorb the spoken words and create pictures in their own minds. The habit of pausing eliminates the dreaded um and err and adds emphasis to your last point. (Peter L. Miller, Speaking Skills for Every Occasion. Pascal Press, 2003) Pauses in Conversation There are even rules about silence. It has been said that, in a conversation between two English speakers who are not close friends, a silence of longer than four seconds is not allowed (which means that people become embarrassed if nothing is said after that time- they feel obliged to say something, even if it is only a remark about the weather.) (Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000) Types and Functions of Pauses A distinction has been drawn between silent pauses and filled pauses (e.g. ah, er), and several functions of pause have been established, e.g. for breathing, to mark grammatical boundaries, and to provide time for the planning of new material. Pauses which have a structural function (juncture pauses) are distinguished from those involved in hesitation (hesitation pauses). Investigations of pausal phenomena have been particularly relevant in relation to developing a theory of speech production. In grammar, the notion of potential pause is sometimes used as a technique for establishing word units in a language- pauses being more likely at word boundaries than within words. (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Systematic pausing . . . performs several functions: marking syntactic boundaries;allowing the speaker time to forward plan;providing semantic focus (a pause after an important word);marking a word or phrase rhetorically (a pause before it);indicating the speakers willingness to hand over the speech turn to an interlocutor. The first two are closely connected. For the speaker, it is efficient to construct forward planning around syntactic or phonological units (the two may not always coincide). For the listener this carries the benefit that syntactic boundaries are often marked. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Lengths of Pauses Pausing also gives the speaker time to plan an upcoming utterance (Goldman-Eisler, 1968; Butcher, 1981; Levelt, 1989). Ferreira (1991) showed that speech planning-based pauses are longer before more complex syntactic material, whereas what she terms timing-based pauses (after already spoken material), tend to reflect prosodic structure. There is also a relationship between pause placement, prosodic structure, and syntactic disambiguation across a range of languages (e.g., Price et al., 1991; Jun, 2003). In general, tasks that require greater cognitive load on the speaker or that require them to perfom a more complex task other than reading from a prepared script result in longer pauses . . .. For example, Grosjean and Deschamps (1975) found that pauses are more than twice as long during description tasks (1,320 ms) than during interviews (520 ms) . . .. (Janet Fletcher, The Prosody of Speech: Timing and Rhythm. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., edited by William J. Hardcast le, John Laver, and Fiona E. Gibbon. Blackwell, 2013) The Lighter Side of Pauses: Joke-Telling [A] critical feature in the style of all stand-up comedians is a pause after the delivery of the punch line, during which the audience laughs. The comic usually signals the onset of this critical pause with marked gestures, facial expressions, and altered voice intonation. Jack Benny was known for his minimalist gestures, but they were still discernible, and worked wonderfully. A joke will fail if the comic rushes to his next joke, providing no pause for audience laughter (premature ejokulation)- this is comedys recognition of the power of the punctuation effect. When the comic continues too soon after delivery of his punch line, he not only discourages, and crowds-out, but neurologically inhibits audience laughter (laftus interruptus). In show-biz jargon, you dont want to step on your punch line. (Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000)

Business commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business commentary - Essay Example minds the mainstream media has been the public medium where the heated debate has erupted regarding the second amendment of the constitution or right to bear arms. Private gun ownership is constantly being assaulted by new laws and legislation limiting and imposing ever increasing licensing requirements and restrictions to legally own a firearm, but have we gone too far? The first laws enacted further restricting gun ownership have already been passed in some states. For example, a bill that bans the ownership of any gun magazines that holds more than 15 rounds has passed the Colorado senate committee on March of this year. New York, Congressman, Steve Israel since last year has been pursuing for the renewal of the soon to expire Undetectable Firearms Act, to even include something that is still in the experimental or prototype stage; firearms or parts of firearms that could in the future be easily printed using a new wave of affordable 3d printers hitting the consumer market. The bill would not only ban the use of weapons that cannot be detected using a metal detector, but any firearm party that could potentially be manufactured in the future using 3d printer technology (Greenburg). This all out assault from the mainstream media, the federal government and local government regarding further limiting our right to bear arms is an illegal immoral atte mpt to further limit our individual freedoms, security of the free state, and further erode our U.S. Constitution (Salsman). Greenburg, A. 15 April 2013. â€Å"Lawmaker Seeks to Extend 3D-Printed Gun Ban Bill To Ammo Magazines And Other Components,† Forbes. 15 April 2013. Salsman, R. 21 December 2012. â€Å"Gutting The 2nd Amendment Is Not The Way to Deter Mass.† Forbes. 15 April 2013.

Project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Statistics Project Example When the organizations’ infrastructure or environment is organized aptly, it will positively influence the employees. Employees are the crucial â€Å"cog† for the organizational functioning and success. This significance of employees was put forward by Mayhew (2014) who stated that the objective of any organization is profitability; and that profitability and thereby organizations success depends on the employees performance, with poor performance by the employees being detrimental to the companys success. Employees work in an organization on full-time basis as well as short-term basis. Although, full-time employees are the majority in any organization, employment of short-term employees are also on the rise. â€Å"The use of temporary workers is growing rapidly, with the number of companies using temporary workers on the increase as global competition increased and the urge to cut down on costs of undertaking businesses in order to remain competitive rises† (Wan dera 2011). This role of both full-time and short-term workers brings in focus the number of hours they contribute to the organization (Simeon 2013). So, the report will focus on the data collected from 400 fashion stores located in the Netherlands thereby discussing those stores’ infrastructure, employees including full-timers and part-timers, the hours contributed by them and others. As above-mentioned, the data is regarding the study of direct annual sales of 400 Dutch fashion stores in the year 1990. The quantitative variables used are: Total Sales (tsales), Sales per square meter (sales), Number of full-times (nfull), Number of part-times (npart), Total number of hours worked (hoursw) and Sales floor space of the store in square metres (ssize). Since all of them are quantitative variables, the Karl Pearson correlation coefficient for continuous variables is calculated and tested for its significance. â€Å"Karl Pearson correlation coefficient measures quantitatively the extent to which two variables

How Southwest Airlines Soars Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

How Southwest Airlines Soars - Case Study Example The second one is the participative theory, which suggests that leaders should encourage contributions and participation from members and make them feel relevant in the organization. During the Halloween, Kelleher encouraged the employees to get loose by decorating gates, wearing wacky costumes and munching on treat snacks, by this, he encourages the employees to participate on keeping the airline's spirit alive. Kelleher is both a manager and a leader. The view as a manager is portrayed by implementing tactical actions when the airline set off in 1971; he put up measures of cutting cost by avoiding extra expenses. When the fuel prices rose, he initiated cutting cost by asking each employee to find a way of saving $5 per day (Case Study). He is seen as a leader by inspiring, empowering and creating new opportunities. As the airline expands, he creates new job opportunities by personality testing and maintains the culture of the airway by choosing individuals who are able to make decisions, good communicators, optimistic and team-oriented.

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects A Novel Method for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Horizontal Defects Using Time-of-Flight Diffraction Abstract Time-of-flight Diffraction method (ToFD) is an amplitude-independent sizing method, which is based on the measurement of time-of-flight of defect tip diffracted waves. Although, ToFD can measure through-wall length of defect accurately, this method is not able to measure horizontal defect size. In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method for evaluating horizontal planar defects is presented. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The phased array technology is also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. FEM simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes shows that, compared to the conventional ToFD method, the accuracy of results is within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. Keywords Ultrasonic wave, diffracted wave, horizontal planar defects, ToFD 1. Introduction Non-destructive testing has been increasingly used to assure the quality and reliability in the oil and gas pipeline industries. The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique uses the pulse flight time to locate the flaw and the echo amplitude to measure the defect size. Since the amplitude of the reflected pulses can be influenced by many parameters, such as beam spread, surface roughness and transparency, using amplitude is not always sufficient for accurate defect sizing (Krautkramer, 1990).The basis of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique was invented at the National NDT Centre, Harwell, in the 1970s. Time-of-Flight Diffraction was invented mainly by Silk and his co-workers at the Harwell Laboratory. It was developed over a period of about 10 years starting in the early 1970s, from a laboratory curiosity into a sophisticated full-scale inspection method capable of detecting and sizing defects in components accurately (Silk, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978)[M1][S2]. The ToFD technique is an amplitude-independent sizing method, based on the measurement of time-of-flight of flaw tips diffracted waves. Golan and Sachese suggested a method to calculate crack size from the time delay between the arrival of a surface longitudinal reference beam and a longitudinal or shear beam diffracted from the tips of crack (Golan, 1980). Mak (Mak, 1983) developed a trigonometric method to calculate location, height and angle of defect by a transducer located in different scan positions. The ToFD technique provides the highest possible accuracy in measuring the depth and through-wall length of defects (Charlesworth et al., 2001), (Baby et al., 2003), (Al-Ataby, 2012). In 1986, finite element simulation of ultrasonic wave propagation and its interaction with defects have been conducted by Ludwig and Lord (Ludwig et al., 1986). The numerical analysis of wave propagation for ToFD in an austenitic stainless steel specimen with consideration of the effects of scattering at grain boundaries was carried out by Lin et al. (Lin et al., 2006), and Connolly (Connolly, 2009). They developed an efficient method for modeling the effects of coarse grains in austenitic materials. In 2007, simulation of the ToFD technique, using finite element method, was carried out by Baskaran et al. They used ANSYS finite element package to model the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a thin cracked two dimensional specimen (Baskaran et al., 2006). In 2010, Honarvar and Khorasani used ABAQUS software package to simulate the propagation of ultrasonic waves and diffraction phenomena. They compared simulated results for drilled-hole diffraction with photo elastic snapshots (Honarv ar and Khorasani et al., 2010). Though, ToFD provides better accuracy in locating and sizing defects than other ultrasonic sizing methods and has a high probability of flaw detection (POD), only through-wall length of the defect can be measured and the defect real size cannot be evaluated (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Therefore, ToFD method cannot be used for measuring and sizing horizontal cracks (horizontal planar defects) (ASME, 2010). In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method is presented for evaluating and measuring horizontal planar defects. The finite element method, using ABAQUS software package, is employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects. The finite element results for different crack sizes are used to study and investigate the presence and generation of different wave modes in the test block and the efficiency and efficacy of the new proposed method. 2. Review of conventional time-of-flight diffraction method (ToFD) The ToFD technique uses tip diffraction to identify the top, bottom, and ends of a discontinuity. Silk chose to use an angled compression wave for the ToFD technique rather than a shear wave, for two reasons. First, the tip diffraction signal is stronger than a shear wave diffraction signal, and second, a lateral wave is produced that can be used to measure the horizontal distance between the transmitter and receiver. The tip diffraction signal is generated at the tip of the discontinuity; effectively a â€Å"point† source. According to Huygens (Krautkramer et al., 1990), a point source produces a spherical wave. Figure 1-a shows a typical TOFD transducer set-up on a component with a vertical discontinuity. Figure 1-b shows both the lateral wave and a diffraction beam from the tip of a reflector. There are four sound paths from the transmitter to the receiver. Path â€Å"A† is the lateral wave path traveling just below the surface. Path â€Å"B† is the tip diffraction path from the top of the discontinuity. Path â€Å"C† is the tip diffraction path from the bottom of the discontinuity, and path â€Å"D† is the back wall echo path. Figure 2 shows a typical un-rectified received signal using ToFD. Note that the phase relationships A and C are in opposite phase to B and D. The important difference to note is between B and C; the top and bottom diffraction signals ar e in opposite phase. This phase difference allows the practitioner to identify those points.[M3] Assuming[S4] that the diffracting tip is centered between the two transducers, the depth of crack tips below the inspection surface can be calculated from (1) [M5][S6](2) and therefore, (3) Where a is the defect through-wall size, d1 is depth of top edge from surface, d2 is depth of bottom edge from surface and 2S is probe separation (see Figure 1-b). C is the longitudinal wave velocity inside the material, t2 and t3 are, respectively, the travel times of waves diffracted from the top and bottom of the crack. 3. Finite element modelingof time-of-flight diffractionmethod In this section, the finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the ultrasonic wave propagation in the time of flight diffraction technique. The FEM modeling consists of two basic steps; defining mesh configuration and problem discretization, modeling of the transmitting and receiving transducers. ABAQUS finite element software package is employed for analysis and a two-dimensional four-node quadrilateral plane strain element, CPE4R, is used in ABAQUS to discretize a carbon steel test block including vertical crack. See Figure (1-b). The mesh size depends on the frequency of the propagated wave in the sample and the corresponding wavelength. The piezoelectric angle wave transducer, transmitter, is simulated by a transient single frequency pulse wave applying on the surface of the sample. The transient excitation is modeled using a cyclic single frequency pressure/force function as (Mardani et al., 2012), (4) where f is the excitation wave frequency and N is the number of cycles. Using linear delay law for phased array transducers, the compressional excitations can be applied on the sequential elements so that ultrasonic wave propagates at a specific angle, ÃŽ ¸S. The delay time between adjacent elements, or nodes, is calculated using hyphen’s principle (Olympus NDT, 2007) as, (5) where d is distance between two adjacent elements, ÃŽ ¸s is steering angle of propagation, C is longitudinal wave speed in the media and Δt is time delay between two adjacent elements. To investigate the convergence of the results and the appropriate element size for a 2 MHz frequency ultrasonic wave, the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, is obtained for different element sizes. As it can be seen in Figure 3, at f = 2 MHz, the maximum SNR and SNR convergence occurs for the element sizes smaller than 60 ÃŽ ¼m. 4. The proposed method As it was mentioned before, using the conventional ToFD method in Eqs. (1) to (3), the difference between time-of-flight diffractions of upper and lower crack tips gives the defect through-wall size and the actual defect size cannot be measured. This means that the conventional ToFD technique leads to large errors for oblique defects and cannot also be used for horizontal defects. In the proposed method, a novel configuration and the corresponding formula are used so that the ToFD method can be employed to evaluate horizontal planar defects. Figure 4 shows the proposed ToFD configuration on the specimen with a horizontal planar discontinuity. As it can be seen, in this configuration, two transducers including a transmitter/receiver, No. 1 and a receiver, No. 2, are located at the both sides of defect. The ultrasonic wave propagation, in this configuration, is simulated using ABAQUS to study the behavior of ultrasonic wave modes in the test block and their interaction with the defect. In Figure 5, the different incident ultrasonic wave modes are shown. The transmitting transducer, T1, emits a short pulse of ultrasonic wave, longitudinal wave, into the component and energy spreads out as it propagates into the specimen. If the crack face is smooth, there will be a mirror-like reflection of the wave incident on the face. See Figure 6. For any horizontal planar discontinuity, whether smooth or rough-faced, diffraction from the edges of the defect causes some fraction of the incident energy travel towards the receiving transducers R1and R2 in longitudinal and shear modes with different wave velocity. As it can be seen in Figures 6 and 7, the mode conversion behavior due to the interaction of ultrasonic wave with the defect leads to the presence of longitudinal and shear waves from each tips of the defect. Moreover, three different wave modes, including longitudinal lateral, shear lateral and Rayleigh waves travel from the transmitting transducer, T1, to the receiving transducer, R2. See Figure 5. If the crack is large enough, the signals from the two end of defect will be sufficiently separated in time to be recognized as coming from separate sources. Therefore, using this configuration and the related ultrasonic wave propagation simulation, the time difference between the received longitudinal diffracted waves from the left and right defect tips to each receiver, R1 and R2, can be employed to measure the horizontal defect size. It should be noted that the new method can also be used for evaluating the vertical defects. To calculate the horizontal defect size using Pythagoras’ theorem gives, [M7] (6[S8]) and (7) where t1 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the left tip of the defect by receiver 1, R1, and t2 is the arrival time of the signal diffracted from the right tip of the defect by receiver 2, R2. CL is the longitudinal wave velocity and 2S is the separation between the transducers. 5. Results and Discussions To investigate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed method, using finite element modeling, the novel method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The test blocks have 100 mm lengths and 20à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ 20 mm2 cross sections and are modeled with ABAQUS finite element software package using CPE4R plane strain elements. The acoustic and elastic properties of carbon steel are given in Table 1[M9][S10]. Each block contains a horizontal planar defect. The defects have 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm length and 12 mm depth, see Figure 4. The transmitter is modeled as an 8-element 2 MHz phased array transducer. Each element of the phased array transducer has 0.5 mm length and the gap space between two adjacent elements is 0.1 mm. The first receiving transducer is located on the position of the transmitter and the second is located at 35 mm distance from the transmitter on the inspection surface, 2S = 35 mm. The ABAQUS finite elemen t software package is used to simulate the new ultrasonic ToFD method. The received signals at the first and the second receivers are shown in Figures 8 and 9. In Figure 8, the first echo is related to the transient pulse waves, Eq. (4), generated by the eight elements of the phased array transducer using a specific delay times, Eq. (5), which receives at the first receiver, initial pulse. In this signal, the second echo is related to wave diffraction from the left tip of the defect which is detected by the first receiver, R1. The back-wall reflection from back surface of the block is shown as the third echo in this figure. Figure 9 shows the signal received by the second transducer, R2. In this signal, the first echo is due to the longitudinal mode of the lateral wave which travels from transmitter to the receiver 2, R2, and the second echo is diffracted wave from the right tip of the horizontal defect. Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the corresponding waves propagated in the test block. U sing the signals detected by the receiving transducers, the corresponding times due to diffracted echoes from the defect tips (left and right) are determined, and then the horizontal defect size is measured using Eqs. (6) and (7). The new method is carried out on eight carbon steel blocks with different size embedded horizontal cracks. The measured crack size resulting from FEM simulation of each block is shown in Table 2. Comparing the simulated and the measured crack size results shows that the maximum error is %19.7 which occurs at 2 mm crack size. As it can be seen in Table 2, the measured crack size error is minimized within the crack size range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. This agrees with the conventional ToFD results which show higher measurement errors at smaller crack sizes (Charlesworth et al., 2001). Considering the simulated results of different crack size shown in Table 2, show that accuracy of the proposed method for horizontal cracks, comparing to the conventional method for vertical cracks, is within acceptable range. 6. Conclusions In this paper, a new time of flight diffraction (ToFD) method to evaluate horizontal planar defects was presented. The finite element method was employed to simulate the ultrasonic wave behavior in the test blocks and its interaction with the embedded planar defects, such as crack. The phased array technology was also used to model the ultrasonic inspection system parameters. Simulation of the new ToFD method for different crack sizes, using ABAQUS finite element package, showed that, comparing to the conventional ToFD method, the result accuracies are within acceptable range to use the novel technique for measuring the horizontal planar defects. [M11]Using[S12] the new method for eight carbon steel blocks with different size horizontal cracks (2–16 mm) showed that the maximum error occurs at 2 mm crack length. Also, it was observed that the measured crack size error is minimized within the range of 8 14 mm and is slightly increased for larger defects. References Al-Ataby, A. A., Automatic detection, Sizing and Characterization of Weld Defects Using Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction, PhD Dissertation, Liverpool University, p.95-96, 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, Section V, Non Destructive Examination. Appendix N time of flight diffraction (TOFD) Interpretation, Article 4, 2010. Baby, S., Balasubramanian, T. , Pardikar, R.J., Palaniappan, M. , and Subbaratnam, R. , Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique for Accurate Sizing of Surface-breaking Cracks, Insight, June, Vol. 45, No. 6, p. 426-430, 2003. Baskaran, G., Balasubramaniam, K., and Lakshmana Rao, C., Shear Wave Time-of-flight Diffraction (S-ToFD) Technique, NDTE International, Vol. 39, p.458-467, 2006. Charlesworth, J. P., and Temple, J. A. G., Engineering Applications of Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction, England, RSP Press , p.20-28,2001. Connolly, G.D., Modeling of the Propagation of Ultrasound through Austenitic Steel Welds, Ph.D.Dissertation, UK Research Centre in NDE (RCNDE) Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London, 2009. Golan, S., Sizing of Cracks with Scattered Ultrasonic Waves, Proceeding of First International Symposium Ultrasonic Characterization, p. 29-36, 1980. Hellier, C. J., Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation, McGraw Hill, 2003. Honarvar, F., and Khorasani, S., Simulation of Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD) Technique by Finite Element Method, Online Workshop in www.ndt.net, September, 2010. Krautkramer, J., and krautkramer, H., Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1990. Lin, S., Futomi, H., and Ogata, T., Analysis of Wave Propagation for the ToFD Method by Finite Eement Method: Optimization of Test Configuration and Proposal of a New ToFD Method, Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 25, 2006. Ludwig and, R., and, Lord, W., Developments in the Finite Element Modeling of Ultrasonic NDT Phenomena, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 5A, American Institute of Physics, p.73-81, 1986. Mak, D.K., Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Crack Location, Crack Height and Crack Angle, Ultrasonics, p.259-270, 1983. Mardani, M., Sodagar, S., and Rashed, G. R., Modeling of Ultrasonic Phased Array Method Using Finite Element Method, ISME2012, Shiraz, Iran. Olympus NDT, Advances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology Applications, Waltham, 2007. Silk, M.G., Defect detection and sizing in metal using ultrasound, Int. Metall, V.27, pp28-50, 1973. Silk, M.G., Accurate Technique for Defect Sizing in Pressurized Components, London, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, V.3, pp155-162, 1974. Silk, M.G., Defect Sizing Using Ultrasonic Diffraction, British Journal of Nondestructive Test, V.21, p.12-15, 1976. Silk, M.G., The Use of Diffraction-based Ttime-of-flight Measurement to Locate and Size Defects, British journal of Nondestructive Test, Vol. 26, p.208-213, 1978. [M1]please shorten this and delete repeated and unnecessary information. [S2]Done [M3]How do you see these in Figure 2? [S4]It can be explained by: The maximum amplitude at first (A) and third (C) echoes at tL and t2 are dip (negative) and the maximum amplitude at second (B) and fifth (D) are peak (positive). [M5]Show â€Å"S† in figure 1-b. [S6]Done [M7]Show all parameters in the figures. [S8]Done. [M9]Give all units in this table. [S10]Done. [M11]This is more like an abstract than conclusions. It adds nothing to the paper. [S12]Done.

Human Rights and Police Brutality

Human Rights and Police Brutality BY gajartjarj5653 Police brutality is the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose. Composition 1 Argumentative Research Essay Final Draft. Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality occurs.I believe Popremium 1383 Words 6 Pages Police Brutality Analyzing an Argument This argument is directed to two different types of people: he police and the public. This addresses two different types of an audience. It addresses a hostile audience and it addresses a sympathetic audience. You can who the audience is because the author tells you in the Premium 528 Words 3 Pages Police Brutality Report Proposal for: Police Brutality Introductory Statement: Police brutality is one of the biggest human rights violations in the United States.Sometimes polic e are put into situations that excessive force is necessary; but, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not ompletely necessary, police brutality spremium 631 Words 3 Pages Argumentative Essay: Opposing Capital Punishment English Composition ENIOI S-6LC October 12, 2011 Argumentative Essay: Opposing Capital Punishment According to the Death Penalty Information Center, a brief overview of capital punishment throughout history would go like this: Back in the eighteenth century B.C. death penalty laws were firstPremium 2343 Words 10 Pages The Function of an Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your ssertion (opinion, theory, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire.

Counselling and its place in an Organisation

Counselling is a procedure that uses to back up people by understanding and deciding the jobs occurred. In an Organization it helps to increase the opportunity in public presentation while it becomes an advantage to personal development of the persons. When see about reding we can exemplify that there are two chief attacks which use to decide the affairs. In some instances the counselor resolves the job by giving all the necessary guidelines which know as direct guidance. But in indirect reding the replies can be generated from the counselee by the counsel of the counselor. However the concluding results of both attacks are solve the personal job and better the attitude and behavior of the person. â€Å" Mentoring is to back up and promote people to pull off their ain acquisition in order that they may maximize their possible, develop their accomplishments, better their public presentation and go the individual they want to be. † ( 1 ) It clear that in an administration, mentoring is necessary to understand the function of the person from the higher hierarchy. In the procedure of mentoring the senior ever passes the duties and experience to the junior to develop their accomplishments and better the public presentation. The chief difference between reding and mentoring is that the guidance is chiefly focal point to develop the personal accomplishments and the attitudes of the character while mentoring develop the professional accomplishments. Eg: Counselling desire to spread out the personal ability by utilizing the emotional attack but in mentoring it expands the productiveness of the character by placing the capablenesss of the individual. In add-on, the guidance ever concentrate on the personal affair and the procedure ever carry in a private session between the counselor and the counselee but the mentoring can be done either a private or as a focal point group because mentoring is use to accomplish a better ends in an administration. As the squad engagement can be an advantage for the procedure of mentoring. Mentoring is chiefly focus on a end that needs to carry through by the administration to increase the productiveness but in reding there is no peculiar end and it ever depend on the person ‘s feelings and the minute. It ‘s clear that mentoring is making to increase the productiveness of the organisation hence each administration has different end to accomplish by its staff to carry through this mark hence, mentoring should ever carry on to accomplish these marks. But in reding it fundamentally tries to understand the feelings of the person to better the personal accomplishments and the attitudes. Therefore, it ‘s clear that reding can non hold any ends as it depends on each character. As reding chiefly concentrate on the feeling or the emotions of the persons hence, resources can be limited and the methods can be different for each person but in mentoring there will be figure of methods and techniques for a group of people. Reding should done by professionally trained personal but mentoring can be done by an experient superior individual because in reding it ever concentrate the emotional side of the individual hence, it should be handle in off that non damage to the personality. But in mentoring it focus the possible ability of the single toward to organisation therefore it can be done by an experient individual. However in both Counselling and Mentoring is focus to derive the optimistic public presentation of the person and helps to develop the personal capablenesss, attitudes and adulthood in both single and the company. Administration ‘s end Increase the Productivity Time Management – Time Management accomplishments can be achieve by proper preparation development Technology- Technological accomplishments can be given by presenting the new acquisition methods and latest cognition about the engineering that in usage for peculiar function. Human Resource Management ( HRM ) HRM Skills can be achive by the proper preparation about the single behavior to understand the abilities of the person that superior for peculiar undertaking. Proper direction Management Skills can be improve by managing the resource in right mode. Communicationss accomplishments can be improve by speaking to person of the company Motivations accomplishments can be improve by experience of actuating people in right clip and taking the right determination as needed. Stress direction Skills can be improve by proper preparation and with the experience. Problem work outing accomplishments can be improve by interrupting the job in to pieces and manage it each at a clip. Individual/own Goals Derive the cognition of necessary Technology IT Skills can be improve by practise and proper preparation Current Technological Skills can be gain by up to day of the month with the latest needed engineering. Learning accomplishments can be achieve by being happy what of all time you do and ever do things that you become happy. Gain Personal Resources Communication accomplishments can be achieved by pattern and proper preparation. In add-on it can be improved by interact with individuals. Reading composing hearing and speech production accomplishments are under this class. Punctuality accomplishments can be improved by practise to make things on clip. Good Attitudes can be improve by acquiring good advice from higher graded individuals. Leadership Skills can be improve by working as a squad and interact with people so frequently and actuate them when necessary. Fulfil all necessary demands of the administration By accomplishing all above mentioned accomplishments an person and accomplish this end. Niobium: all the Skills and sub undertakings are link together to accomplish the chief end of the administration or the person.( C ) .What is Time ManagementTime managing is an art of arrangement, forming, scheduling and budgeting one ‘s clip for the intent of bring forthing more effectual work in productiveness. Time direction is more of import for everybody. In an administration the clip direction is more of import from top of the hierarchy to the underside. Benefits of proper clip direction More Productiveness Time direction helps to increase the productiveness in an organisation. It saves staff turnover and increase the end product. As an illustration in a concatenation of procedure if there is an hold in one point it ‘ll impact the concluding merchandise completion clip and to the point before to the hold and decelerate the production velocity. Therefore, proper clip direction aid to derive more productiveness in a peculiar clip. Less emphasis This will be a good advantage to a better merchandise, because less emphasis of single do them to concentrate on a peculiar undertaking and it can be easy completed with high truth. Achieve ends on clip This will be automatically go on with proper clip direction and this helps a company to success in the market. Easy life manner When all the things traveling swimmingly it ‘s truly easy achieve any needed undertaking or marks. When all above benefits come to an person or an administration it will an advantage to bring forth a better merchandise and maintain a better criterion in the market, but if its unable to pull off the clip it might be a catastrophe to a company. ( D ) .Value of Professional Development Professional development is one of the foundations of our working lives. It ‘s a procedure which keeps us interested in our work, gives us the thrust to come on our callings, supports industry competitory and in the terminal makes us employable throughout our lives. Valuess of CPD Individual Develop practical tactics to unlock and transcend the single potency Widen personal webs and chances Be able to find preferable method of larning and development in front maximal benefit in the hereafter by doing smarter professional development picks. Opportunity to step up and alter the function in the organisation. Continuingly update the cognition and accomplishments Organization Widening Skills More chances for the organisation to widen their concern Expand the concern and increase the productiveness Give staff the capableness to spread out or alter their function Give staff the accomplishments to work with new engineering Organizations are up to day of the month and competitory Minimise the hazard of professional mistakes Make the work force and concern procedures more efficient Eg: In Tesco Pharmacy- because of the combination of their modern dispensaries and extremely trained support staff, will hold more clip to pass with clients giving one-to-one advice on medical specialties and life style. They can be an indispensable portion of the shop squad and when anybody joins with Tesco as a Pharmacy Manager, and so he will besides work closely with the direction squad and will take charge of developing others, training and developing staff and be given sample chance to work on their ain Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) . Tesco is a big retail merchant and they guarantee their druggists are given the environment to be professional. It ‘s these high criterions their clients have come to anticipate and Tesco holding confident that whatever their aspirations and demands, and have the chances and support to assist them do the most of directors calling. As Tesco Train there Staff with new medical specialties everyday ‘s it ‘ll be a great advantage to clients them self and to Tesco as an administration. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescopharmacy-jobs.com/career-development/index.htm )Undertaking 2What is Skills audit?A skill audit provides a appropriate manner of meeting information about the available abilities of people for a specified undertakingA personal accomplishments auditPersonal accomplishment audit is back uping to place strengths, failing, chances and dainties which will turn to to place certain spreads and the manner fulfil those spreads by taking necessary actions. Learning styles-Learning manners are the different methods or ways of acquisition. There are three types of acquisition manners Ocular Learners Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners Ocular Learners These types of scholars learn through seeing. They needs to watch organic structure linguistic communication and the facial visual aspect to understand. Auditory Learners These types of scholars learn through hearing. Kinesthetic Learners These types of scholars learn through moving, making touching. Dr Peter Honey and Alan Mumford ( 1986 ) developed a acquisition manners questionnaire, based on Kolb to mensurate how people learn, to place their learning strengths, to promote persons to develop their learning possible and study on how they can better their acquisition manner. They clarified the four chief larning manners as: There are four different acquisition manners Militant Reflectors Theorist Pragmatist Militant DOING Reflector REVIEWING Pragmatist PLANING Theorist CONCLUDING Militants Learn from New experiences and challenges which to larn Competitive teamwork and job resolution Reflectors Learn from Encourage to watch or believe Think before moving and adjust before get downing Have clip to reexamine their acquisition Help to interchange positions with other people Without danger Can make a determination without force per unit area and tight deadlines Theorist Learn from theory, theoretical account or construct Think jobs in a logical measure by measure Pragmatists Learn from existent life jobs Shown techniques for making things with apprehensible practical advantages Harmonizing to Honey Mumford Learning styles strong effectual acquisition manners are theorist and pragmatist. By rehearsing activities develops their abilities in this acquisition manner, Pragmatist develops the accomplishments by rehearsing like militant. Theorist is identified as low. So by rehearsing the activities theorist can increase their learning ability, Reflector is identified as really low. So reflectors should set more activities to better their acquisition.How can supervise Effectiveness of my ain acquisition mannerHarmonizing to honey and Mumford method I am an Militant scholar I would wish to larn from new experiences and the challenges which I can confront besides when I am working as a squad ( team work ) I am larning new things personally. Methods to supervise the public presentation of Activist manner I can supervise my MBA public presentation on Activist manner by Learning from new experience analyzing different faculties and confronting challenges in group plants. Self appraisals Personal accomplishments audit is an of import measure when you are be aftering a calling alteration. Scale 1-something you are really weak Scale5-something you are really good Skill/ability 1 2 3 4 5 Bing originativeEYLeading a squadEYUsing theoryEYSolving jobsEYactuatingEYUsing above chart I can mensurate my strength and failings in my accomplishments besides can utilize a personal SWOT analysis for step it. Personal SWOT analysisStrengthsgood at working in a squad work outing jobs good at communicating with people good authorship accomplishments Ability to taking hazardFailingsNot much presentation experience do n't wish making presentations Not finish twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours surveiesOpportunitiesComplete MBA within 1 twelvemonth Working experience in nutrient retail industryMenacesaltering regulations in college hard to happen Job in suited field -Strengths and failings are normally things internal to me-personal accomplishments -Opportunities and menaces are normally external factors might impact to personal lifeUndertaking 3PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat is personal development program? It ‘s a personal program or specific measuring to recognize the demand to better in peculiar countries in our personal life Where I am now? At present following station alumnus sheepskin in concern surveies at Edexcel through London school of direction and scientific discipline which is taking to Master of Business disposal programme in Glyndwr University. At present I am working as a Duty director at Co-operative group. Co-op is a 1 of the largest retail company in UK every bit good as biggest husbandmans. Education background I have completed Diploma information engineering at NIBM Sri Lanka. I have completed Advance professional sheepskin in concern surveies ( Level 5 ) at south bank college I have completed sheepskin in computing machine surveies at south bank college Future Plans I hope to making specialise in HR direction after my Master in business Be a shop director in Co-op every bit shortly as finish my Master in business By 2014 be a HR director any bank in UK. Current aims and ends My current aim is to finish my MBA programme which is traveling to be finish by grand 2011. Meanwhile go on my current occupation as a responsibility director value to my bearer. Personal accomplishments Working as a leader with any figure of squad and achieve ends. Having much cognition about IT which is supported to my bearer. Solving the jobs in good mode I am a multitasking individual who can make so many occupations at a clip. And besides I am holding good clip direction accomplishment in my life it helps to cut down my emphasis degree when I am working and increase the productiveness personally and to my organisation every bit good. I would wish to listen people and take their thoughts and better my cognition.My personal SMART analysis programThis will assist me to make my ends on clip. Specific – all my ends are good defined. To finish my MBA I do my surveies on a regular basis. To my bearer development for managerial degree, I improve my leading accomplishments by making specific preparation and on my work topographic point every bit good. Measurable- I spend about 5 hours per hebdomad for my surveies and working 20 hours per hebdomad Every hebdomad I am look intoing what I have did for my occupation and keep a dairy how much I spend per hebdomad for my disbursals. Attainable – I spent excessively much clip to watch films per hebdomad but I cut down for 2 hours per hebdomad Relevant – I am loosen uping more clip after finish my work Academic – I am seek to complete my Surveies within the timeframe which was given by the college and accomplish my ends Time bound – Needs to be control clip direction and certain clip period for each end.Scheme for personal developing a programPESTLE analysis concentrating on institutional function gives me better understand about my direction work. My personal grind analysis Strength Personal accomplishments Teamwork Multitasking It knowledge Leadership Problem work outing Failings Communication accomplishments Listening Time direction Opportunities Training Learn professional accomplishments Menaces Government regulations and ordinances When I need to plan a personal development program foremost I need to put nonsubjective for following inquiries 1. What do I need to larn? 2. What should I make to accomplish this? 3. What resources or support will I necessitate? 4. What will my success standards be? 5. What will be my mark day of the months for completion? What do I need to larn? I need to finish my MBA and need to larn how to make presentations properly What should I make to accomplish this? Giving my full strength for surveies and complete the class works on clip and complete my MBA on clip. What resources or support will I necessitate? Training for composing accomplishments, better communicating accomplishments every bit good as more books for read as resources. What will my success standards be? Time direction and squad work What will be my mark day of the months for completion? I hope to complete my surveies ( MBA ) by 2012 and be a shop director every bit shortly as possible In the terminal by 2015 be a HR director.MY PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat I am I Trying to accomplish What internal Failing is Standing in the manner What external Menace is worrying me Who/where Can I travel to assist When am I Ask for aid How will I review advancement Get promoted from current Job Need to finish my surveies Government regulations Speak to my Ops trough Anybody who willing to assist Discuss my advancement with my director every month Construct up my instruction makings Equally much as I can Fiscal jobs competition University Or college My married woman Discuss my advancement with my talks every month Be a HR director Experience Credit crunch In UK Anybody who can rede me My former director My ego

Free Essays on The Appraisal Process

The Appraisal Process The appraisal process is the periodic evaluation of each employee’s on-the-job performance as well as skill levels, attitudes, and potential. Management uses this written form of communication as a tool to inform employees of their progress made during the evaluation period. Management also uses the appraisal process for insight on potential employees who might be considered for advancement. Also known as performance appraisal or performance review, the application of this process is used through most organizations. The appraisal process has become an important tool in communicating managements thought on employee’s progress. The appraisal process is also used to evaluate an employees potential. Management may decide to delegate more tasks to an employee whose performance meets or exceeds expectations. This includes added responsibilities and advancement within the organization. Recognizing and rewarding employees is another reason organizations use performance appraisals. Not only does recognizing and rewarding boost an employee’s morale, it allows for other employees to model their work ethics upon. The appraisal process will also highlight those areas of employee performance that may need improvement. One way to improve employee’s performance may be to provide additional training in areas lacking. This appraisal tactic allows management the ability to eliminate employees whose performance does not meet standards and expectations set forth by the organization The Appraisal Process is usually conducted one to two times throughout the year. Employees are evaluated depending on the criteria prevalent to the current job of such employee. This evaluation must be free from any kind of contamination, and requires acceptance by the organization and its management as realistic criteria. The appraiser must have full and complete knowledge of the job responsibilities of the employee, and maintain ... Free Essays on The Appraisal Process Free Essays on The Appraisal Process The Appraisal Process The appraisal process is the periodic evaluation of each employee’s on-the-job performance as well as skill levels, attitudes, and potential. Management uses this written form of communication as a tool to inform employees of their progress made during the evaluation period. Management also uses the appraisal process for insight on potential employees who might be considered for advancement. Also known as performance appraisal or performance review, the application of this process is used through most organizations. The appraisal process has become an important tool in communicating managements thought on employee’s progress. The appraisal process is also used to evaluate an employees potential. Management may decide to delegate more tasks to an employee whose performance meets or exceeds expectations. This includes added responsibilities and advancement within the organization. Recognizing and rewarding employees is another reason organizations use performance appraisals. Not only does recognizing and rewarding boost an employee’s morale, it allows for other employees to model their work ethics upon. The appraisal process will also highlight those areas of employee performance that may need improvement. One way to improve employee’s performance may be to provide additional training in areas lacking. This appraisal tactic allows management the ability to eliminate employees whose performance does not meet standards and expectations set forth by the organization The Appraisal Process is usually conducted one to two times throughout the year. Employees are evaluated depending on the criteria prevalent to the current job of such employee. This evaluation must be free from any kind of contamination, and requires acceptance by the organization and its management as realistic criteria. The appraiser must have full and complete knowledge of the job responsibilities of the employee, and maintain ...

Fiscal Administration 4 Essays

Fiscal Administration 4 Essays Fiscal Administration 4 Essay Fiscal Administration 4 Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: : Fiscal Administration 4 The issue of bonds is aimed at raising the much-needed capital for infrastructural and other developmental programs planned by the city. It is evident that the city council of Hewitt is responsible and transparent in terms of planning, budgeting and actual incurrence of expenses in the programs undertaken by the city. Creditworthiness is usually evidenced by the actual observance and adherence to the legal framework available in terms of expenditures and other financial particulars necessary in the city council affairs. The city council indicates that it has adequate machinery to ensure responsible use of the funds, which could be accrued from issue of bonds to investors. The issue of bonds could be actualized though underwriting. This is whereby the council would undertake contracts with securities or financial firms to make a purchase of the bonds and resell the same to investors in smaller portions. There are two main features for identification of a good bond for purchase by the investor. This includes the credit quality of the entity issuing the bonds and the duration of returns accrued from the bond. These elements usually determine the interest rates accrued to a bond hence the actual returns expected from a bond (Lee, Ronald, 23). The necessity of the $2 million is the main determiner if the city council should issue the bond. Other sources of funds could be explored by the city council. However, bonds are elaborate as they are favored by investors because of their fixed rates of return and low susceptibility to market changes and fluctuations in terms of values and the expected returns. As a municipality, it is able to issue a bond because of the access to revenues, which could be used to service the interest rates probably from projects initiated with bond funds. In addition, the entity has a healthy cash flow, which is an indication of the presence of transparency, and adequate transactions, which could provide investors with the much-needed increase in the value of the bonds and their interest rates. The entity also demonstrates a healthy balance between its assets and liabilities, which is an express indication of quality management in the city in terms of its finances and other assets of the city council. The city council provides funds, which are useable for control and management of particular bonds and ensuring that such bond funds are used for appropriate and intended purposes. Additionally, the city council recorded an increase in the net assets and their respective values. On the other hand, there was also a significant increase in the liabilities accruable, which might be reflective of the increase in activities in the organization in its bid to increase revenues accruable. However, there were slight increases in capital expenditures accruable to the city council. This is because of the lack of adequate funds for initiation of capital projects such as infrastructure and other developmental programs (Lee, Ronald, 33). Hence, the $2 million bond is necessary to ensure that the city council is provided with the much-needed capital assets for initiation and continuation of ongoing projects, which could result in an increase, in revenues, and subsequently ensuring that the investors attain the value for their bonds. Revenues accrued by the city council are used to ensure that investors are availed with the much-needed returns (Lee, Ronald, 49). In conclusion, the city council indicates a healthy financial performance over the two previous financial periods. This is an indication of the presence of stability in terms of revenues accruable to the city council. Stability is one of the main aspects for attracting the investors as they are guaranteed with the safety of their funds and the presence of adequate returns irrespective of the prevailing market conditions. Work Cited Lee, Robert D, Ronald W. Johnson. Public Budgeting Systems. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1977. Print.

The Kingdoms of Organisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Kingdoms of Organisms - Essay Example In this classification viruses, the connecting link between the living and the non-living world are not included. The Linnaean system includes- This kingdom includes prokaryotes, organisms with primitive form of nucleus as the nucleus does not possess any defined nuclear membrane. The organisms are single-celled and absorb nutrition through their cell wall. E.g. Bacteria, Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae (popularly called as BGA, are prokaryotes and are connecting link between chlorophyll containing algae and bacteria) and spirochetes, the spiral single cellular organisms. Lately, the kingdom is further divided into two categories, Eubacteria or true bacteria and Archebacteria or bacteria like organisms capable of surviving in extreme environmental conditions like hot springs and volcanic expels. This kingdom includes eukaryotes (Organisms with well defined nucleus, nuclear membrane and membrane bound cellular organelles are present). The organisms belonging to this category are single celled and are neither plants nor animals as they are diverse forms and need a separate group in the classification. Some of the organisms belonging to this category possess chlorophyll and therefore like plants, they can produce their own nutrition, while others procure nutrition by means of absorption and ingestion processes. This group includes organisms that possess many cells and are called multicellular organisms. They are non-motile and their structure encompass hyphae and mycelium. These organisms do not possess chlorophyll and are dissimilar to plants. This group includes organisms of diverse size from microscopic yeast cells to large mushrooms. Fungi derive their nutrition by means of absorption. They proliferate on the dead as well as decaying organic matter and procure nutrition. This kingdom includes multicellular organisms, with well defined nucleus, enclosed by nuclear membrane and

Theories of Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Policy Process - Essay Example The theory implies some policies can only change if certain restrains like stickiness and stakes of an institution are available. Policies are categorized into long-term policies and short-term policies. An example is if the country’s constitution states that a president should rule for two terms it is very difficult to implement a new policy, which suggests that the president must rule for one term, or three terms. Punctuated equilibrium theory seeks to explain simple observations like political processes. Political processes are continually associated with incrementalism and stability; they rarely produce large-scale departures from the past. Most policy areas experience stasis even though a crisis can occur. America is experiencing large-scale changes in policymaking and politics. Some Government programs can be altered in order to accommodate change. Strengths The theory includes periods of stasis or near equilibrium. In the event that an issue is seized by a subsystem and periods of disequilibrium, then a macro political agenda occurs. A macro political agenda can advance to the extent of causing changes in the policy process. Therefore, according to this theory small changes result in large changes. Weakness The theory is only applicable to situations facing stasis or equilibrium. In the event that there is no equilibrium variables and need for change, then the policy fails to exist. The Stage Heuristic Theory The theory states that the best way to study policymaking is to break it down to stages.